Chapter 17 - Outline

Section 1 - Scientific Revolution

I. Ptoloemy - astronomer

   A. Geocentric

        1.  Earth

        2. concentric

          a. made

         b. heavenly bodies

          c. Heaven

II. Copernicus - mathematician

     A. Heliocentric

         1.

          2.

          3.

III. Kepler - mathematician

      A. Elliptical

IV. Gallileo -mathematician

      A. Studied

          1. Planets

              a. Catholic church

V. Newton - mathematician

     A. 3 Laws of

          1. Every object

VI. Vesalius - surgeon

       A.

VII. Harvey - physician

        A. Heart

          1. Same blood

          2. Blood makes

VIII. Robert Boyle - scientist

        A. Controlled

          1. Volume of

IX. Lavoisier - chemist

       A. Named

X. Margaret Cavendish - scientist

     A. Man has no

XI. Maria Winkleman - astronomer

      A. Discovered

      B. Denied university

XII. Rene Descartes - philosopher (516)

        A. “I think,                

        B.  mind &

        C. Father of “

XIII. Francis Bacon - philosopher

         A. Inductive

          1. Systematic

          2. Science =

          3. Science

Section 2 - Philosophers & Their Ideas

I. John Locke - English

   A. People

        1. People can be

   B. See class handouts for more info.

II. Montesquieu - French (nobility)

     A. Natural laws govern

          1. Republics -

          2. Despotism -

          3. Monarchies -

          a. 3 branches -

          b. checks & balances

          c. this system provides

          d. basis for

III. Voltaire - French middle class (521)

      A. Criticized                                           - stressed                          

             - “all men are”

      B. Deism -

      C. God

IV. Diderot - French writer

       A. 28 volume

       B. “Weapon” vs.

          1. Articles attacked

          2. Called for social,

V. Physiocrats - French grp.

     A. I.D. natural

         1.  individuals free to pursue own economic interests = society benefits

         2. “laissez-faire” -

VI. Adam Smith -Scottish philosopher

      A. No gov’t.

          1. Protect

          2. Defend

          3. Keep up

VII. Cesare Breccaria  (522)

        A. Punishments

          1. Doesn’t stop

          2. Sets example of

          3.  “Is it not absurd,  ”                                                                                         

VIII. Jean-Jaques Rousseau

         A. People had adopted

          1. Social Contract

          2. Individuals

          3. General will

          4. Education should

          5. Emotions & reasons

          6. Didn’t practice his ideas

              a. his kids

              b. women -

IX. Mary Wollstonecraft - English writer

      A. A Vindication of the Rights of Women

          1. Wrong -

          2. Wrong -

          3. Enlightenment =

             a. women can

             b. in education, and

X. The Salon

      A. Elegant drawing rooms of wealth - guests(artists, writers, politicians, wealthy,

            etc.) discussed new ideas of

           philosophers

          1. Women hosted - found

          2. Marie-Theresa de Geoffrin - “the hostess” - even foreigners sought invitations

          3. helped spread ideas of Enlightenment

XI.  John Wesley - Anglican Minister

       A. Mystical experience - believed in his own salvation - created Methodism

       B. became a missionary to English

          1. Preached in open fields

          2. Appealed to lower classes

          3. Many converts joined societies to do good works

          4. Abolished slave trade in early 1800's

       C. Methodists stressed importance of hard work, spiritual contentment

*Magazines & daily newspapers began being published during this time, so the growth of reading among the masses also spread the ideas of Enlightenment.

Section 3 - The Arts

I. Rococo

   A. Emphasized grace, charm,

        1. Delicate designes in gold w/ graceful curves

        2. Highly secular (non-religious)

        3. Pursuit of

        4. Sense of

II. Music

     A. Baroque style

          1.

          2.

     B. Classical music

          1.

          2. Mozart -

             a. no regular patron

             b. wrote 3 famous

III. Literature

      A. Development of European novel

           1. Attractive to middle class

           2. Novels about people without morals, who survive by their wits

           3. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, by Henry Fielding - reflected real

                types in English society

IV. Enlightened Absolutism/ Enlightened Monarchs

      A. Frederick the Great of Prussia

           1. Well educated - his reforms:

                 a. abolished use of torture (except for treason or murder)

                b. granted limited freedom of speech & press & greater religious toleration

B. Joseph II  of Austria - his reforms:

     1. Abolished serfdom

     2. Eliminated death penalty

     3. Established principle - all equal before the law

     4. Enacted religious reforms, including religious tolerance

     5. His program failed b/c he angered & confused too many - successors undid most

          reforms

C. Catherine the Great of Russia

     1. Talked about it, but didn’t make reforms - favored landed nobility - which led to

           worsened conditions for poor

 D. All 3 talked about reform, but really strengthened the state & maintaining

      existing system

V. The Seven Years’ War

     A. England & Prussians vs. Austrians, Russians & French

          1. Ended in stalemate - all territories reverted to previous owners

VI. War in India

       A. England vs. France- England won

VII. War in North America

         A. England vs. France (in this chapter)

          1. England world’s greatest colonial power by 1763

Section 4  - page 540 only

I. The Constitution

    A. Created a federal system

          1. Power shared between

          2. Federal gov’t.=

          3. executive =

          4. legislative =

          5. judicial =

          6.Checks & balances -

   B. The Bill of Rights - 10 amendments that gave these rights: